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Kenya Oil Deposits Fuel Inter-Communal Conflicts
More than two years after Kenya struck oil for the first time in its northern-most county, Turkana, the two ethnic groups that live on either side of the oil reserves are engaging in violent, often deadly, armed conflict. For centuries, they have vied for land and access to water points, but now they want a stake in the oil wealth. In the south of the county, the Turkana community is living in fear of attacks from the neighboring Pokots.
On an early morning in the south of Turkana, community herders gather for security meetings. Armed conflict is nothing new in the area, but since Kenya found oil just 60 kilometers away, the conflict has worsened.
"Currently the conflict with the Pokot is at its worst, said Losinyono Kotol, chief of operations of the Agelis community herders. “In the past it was only cattle raids but now they attack also the villages and displaced people.”
With the two tribes locked in a cycle of retaliatory violence, negotiation will be needed to resolve differences. But some observers, like Kenyan priest Nicolas Kimejov, say that won’t be easy with so much at stake.
"The political leaders told the Pokot, if you fight for us we shall drive this Turkana up to Lokichar. Because their aim now is, since the oil well is there, 'if we attain this as our property we shall have a monopoly on the property and we can prosper,'” he explained.
Whole villages have been burned to the ground and unarmed civilians killed. Last year, Lokwar was a busy village with a thriving primary school. Now, neatly thatched homes have been destroyed, sending a clear warning to the residents not to return, says teacher Paul Idoket Ekitela.
“They are all buried. This is a person," he said motioning toward the ground. " This person was killed coming to this place. He was not fighting but he was digging his shamba [farm]."
The annihilation of villages is new to the more traditional tribal conflict between the Pokot and the Turkana, which previously revolved around livestock. Now it is developing into a scorched-earth campaign, a form of land-rustling that works by creating so much insecurity that people move away.
Major oil potential
Caught in the middle of the Pokot-Turkana conflict is the Anglo-Irish exploration company, Tullow Oil, which claims to have found an estimated 600 million barrels of oil beneath Turkana - with potential for a billion in total.
According to Tullow’s Andy Demetriou, to operate in such a sensitive and historically marginalized environment requires oil companies to tread carefully.
"People live off their land, the way they lived hundreds of years ago, in most cases,” he noted. “Here you have big industry and technology coming in with pastoralist communities. There are always going to be challenges. We are not going to agree on everything.”
Despite its buried wealth, Turkana is the poorest region in Kenya. Oil presents a tremendous opportunity for development. But critics - like Turkana activist Lopeyok Ricardo Simeon - fear that the local communities here are being cut out of the equation by the government in Nairobi.
"The government claims that whatever is beneath the earth, below the surface is theirs. Which is true. But we also need to be consulted, because whatever is embedded in the earth, we have to be consulted. We are the owners of the land. We also want to have a take in this process,” he said.
As the value of this land grows, so will the incentive and desire to control it. If this conflict is not resolved, Turkana’s black-gold could be a curse rather than a blessing.
詞匯解析
urban
難度：4星核心詞匯，屬常用3000詞
英漢解釋
adj.城市的；都市的
參考例句
用作形容詞 (adj.)
In some developing countries more and more people are migrating to urban areas.
在某些發(fā)展中的國家,越來越多的人向市區(qū)遷移。
The quality of urban living has been damaged by excessive noise levels.
城市生活的質(zhì)量已被過度的噪音所破壞。
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enforce
難度：4星核心詞匯，屬常用3000詞
英漢解釋
vt.強迫；強制；實施；執(zhí)行；加強
參考例句
用作及物動詞 (vt.)
You can't enforce cooperation between the players.
隊員間的配合并非強迫命令而成。
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formation
難度：3星常用詞匯，屬常用6000詞
英漢解釋
n.形成；隊形；編隊；構(gòu)造；[地]地層
參考例句
用作名詞 (n.)
School life has a great influence on the formation of a child's character.
學(xué)校生活對小孩個性的形成有很大影響。
The deposits are grouped close to the present-day erosional edge of Kombolgie Formation rocks.
礦床集中于靠近科姆波爾吉地層巖的現(xiàn)代侵蝕前沿。
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ultimately
難度：2星擴展詞匯，屬常用10000詞
英漢解釋
adv.最后；最終
參考例句
用作副詞 (adv.)
Every value they created ultimately redounded to his boss.
他們創(chuàng)造的價值最后全進了他們老板的腰包。
All wealth comes ultimately from human labor.
一切財富歸根到底來源於人類的勞動。
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rescue
難度：4星核心詞匯，屬常用3000詞
英漢解釋
vt.營救；援救
n.營救；救援
參考例句
用作及物動詞 (vt.)
The government has rescued the firm from bankruptcy by giving them a grant.
政府撥款給這家公司使其免于破產(chǎn)。
用作名詞 (n.)
Rescue workers rushed to the site of the plane crash.
搶救人員沖向飛機墜毀的現(xiàn)常
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persist
難度：4星核心詞匯，屬常用3000詞
英漢解釋
v.堅持；執(zhí)意；繼續(xù)；持續(xù)
參考例句
用作動詞 (v.)
They persist with the agricultural reform, despite opposition from the farmers.
他們不顧農(nóng)民反對,仍繼續(xù)進行農(nóng)業(yè)改革。
The cold weather will persist for the rest of the week.
這種寒冷的天氣將持續(xù)到本周末。
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heroic
難度：3星常用詞匯，屬常用6000詞
英漢解釋
adj.英雄的；英勇的；巨大的
參考例句
用作形容詞 (adj.)
No amount of imperialists'bombs could blot out this heroic city.
不管帝國主義者投多少炸彈也不能把這座英雄的城市消滅掉。
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